Gary Klein

Psychologist and researcher on naturalistic decision making. Originator of the pre-mortem (also called prospective hindsight): before committing to a plan, imagine it failed and work backward to identify preventable causes.

Daniel Kahneman endorsed the technique in Thinking, Fast and Slow as an organizational antidote to planning optimism. Daniel Levitin learned it from Kahneman over dinner and extended it to personal life — medical decisions, travel prep, home organization.

Kahneman's collaboration with Klein also produced the kind vs wicked learning environments framework.

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